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Mark Bullimore, MCOptom, PhD, details the importance of preparing optometric students for myopic patient care in a Collaborative Care Symposium (CCS) 2025 presentation.

CCS 2025: Preparing optometric students for patient care and myopia management

Peter Hersh, MD, stated that the key takeaway from a handful of presentations he gave at CCS 2025 is that successfully treating patients with keratoconus is identifying the disease early.

CCS 2025: Identifying keratoconus in patients through successful comanagement

Slideshows

Catch up on the top stories in optometry during the week of May 26-May 30.

Takeaways from this week in optometry: May 26 - May 30

Mitch Ibach, OD, FAAO, details the importance to unveiling the underlying cause of dry eye in a CCS 2025 presentation.

CCS 2025: Taking a contemporary approach to dry eye disease with Dr Mitch Ibach

Optometry Times delivers clinical news, practice insights, and research updates by optometrists for optometrists to advance care and patient outcomes.

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In this Q&A, John D. Gelles, OD, and Steven Greenstein, MD, chat about what inspired them to launch the symposium, what makes this year’s agenda especially exciting, and why the future of refractive care depends on stronger collaboration between ODs and MDs.

Bridging disciplines and elevating care: A Q&A with John Gelles, OD, and Steven Greenstein, MD

Hear how the CRU Eye Symposium caters to having current, relevant, and useful education.

CRU 2023: Education that offers comprehensive overview and perspective, empowering OD and MD collaboration

John D. Gelles, OD, and Steven A. Greenstein, MD, share some insights into the new data on corneal cross-linking presented at IKA Keratoconus Symposium.

IKA Keratoconus Symposium 2023: New data presented for epi-on cross-linking

Evolution of vision correction procedures, diagnostics paves way for collaborative care.

Refractive technologies encompass a rapidly changing landscape 

An investigation into incomplete retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA) identified a wide spectrum of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) patterns that corresponded with iRORA lesions and that those patterns were associated with conversion to complete RORA (cRORA) over time. First author Giulia Corradetti, MD, reported the study findings at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology 2025 annual meeting in Salt Lake City, Utah. She is from the Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, California, and the Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles.

The research team explained that “while the criteria for iRORA are well-defined, the iRORA phenotype on optical coherence tomography (OCT) B-scans can vary based on the extension of the lesions, hypertransmission into the choroid, disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the number of signs of photoreceptor degeneration present.”

In light of that, the group set out to define the FAF phenotypes of iRORA lesions and the baseline FAF patterns associated with conversion of iRORA to cRORA within 18 months. iRORA has been characterized on OCT by hypertransmission into the choroid and RPE attenuation or disruption by less than 250 microns and by signs of photoreceptor degradation, ie, at least one of the following: ellipsoidal zone (EZ) attenuation/disruption, external limiting membrane (ELM) attenuation/disruption, outer nuclear layer (ONL) thinning, outer plexiform layer (OPL)/inner nuclear layer (INL) subsidence, and hyporeflective wedges in the Henle fiber layer.

In contrast, cRORA is characterized by hypertransmission into the choroid and RPE attenuation or disruption by more than 250 microns and by signs of photoreceptor degradation, ie, EZ and interdigitization zone discontinuity, ELM attenuation/disruption, ONL thinning, and OPL/INL subsidence.

In this study, Corradetti and colleagues pooled data for a post hoc analysis from 448 patients who participated in the phase 3 GATHER2 trial (NCT04435366) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol 2 mg (Izervay; Astellas Pharma) in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) that did not involve the foveal center.

 The patients were evaluated for the presence of baseline iRORA and completed 3 follow-up visits at 6, 12, and 18 months.

The investigators evaluated each iRORA lesion at baseline and during follow-up to identify any changes in FAF phenotypes. The patterns were defined as “none,” indicating no autofluorescence abnormalities; not classifiable; increased autofluorescence (IAF); questionably decreased autofluorescence (QDAF); or definite decreased autofluorescence (DDAF).

The results identified 153 iRORA lesions in 95 eyes. Most were classified as none (53 lesions; 34.6%) or as QDAF (53 lesions, 34.6%). The remainder were not classifiable (27 lesions, 17.6%), DDAF (11 lesions, 7.2%) and IAF (9 lesions, 5.9%), Corradetti and colleagues reported.

After 18 months, OCT showed that the number of iRORA lesions decreased to 51.0%, and the number of new cRORA lesions increased and peaked at 15.0% by 12 months.

At the same time point, the FAF phenotypes were seen to have changed over time. The proportion of total iRORA lesions manifesting QDAF and DDAF patterns increased to 38.1% and 23.0%, respectively, whereas the “none” pattern decreased to 16.8%.

At 18 months, the majority of lesions that remained as persistent iRORA were classified as having the none (28/78) or QDAF FAF pattern. The none classification decreased from 90.6% of lesions at 6 months to 52.8% at 18 months, and the QDAF pattern from 79.2% to 49.1% at the respective time points.

At 18 months, the iRORA lesions that converted to cRORA were more likely to have more advanced FAF abnormalities, with cumulative 44.4% IAF, 30.2% QDAF, and 27.3% DDAF patterns, the investigators reported.

“This first large study characterizing the phenotype of iRORA on FAF highlights the heterogeneity of these lesions. Multimodal imaging, including both OCT and FAF, may allow a more granular classification of iRORA. A wide spectrum of FAF patterns corresponded with iRORA lesions identified on OCT at baseline and was associated with conversion of iRORA to cRORA over time. These findings underline a novel opportunity to potentially categorize those patterns from early to late lesion phenotypes using FAF. Early identification of atrophic changes may help doctors make informed treatment decisions to slow disease progression, help preserve photoreceptors, and help preserve vision,” Corradetti and colleagues concluded.

Khanani AM, Patel SS, Staurenghi G, et al. Efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol in patients with geographic atrophy (GATHER2): 12-month results from a randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trial. 

The results of an investigation into iRORA identified a wide spectrum of fundus autofluorescence patterns that corresponded with iRORA lesions and that those patterns were associated with conversion to cRORA over time. 

iRORA phenotypes characterized using fundus autofluorescence

A recent study has found an underrepresentation of uveitis in clinical trials conducted in the past 2 decades. In assessing the institutional, geographic, and temporal disparities in US uveitis clinical trials from 2000 to 2023, study authors noted that the disparities in trial access that were demonstrated can exacerbate inequities affecting underserved communities.

The study authors were led by Jainam Shah of Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York.

Researchers identified phase 2-4 uveitis trials during the time period from clinicaltrials.gov, with trials without US sites or multicenter trials lacking site-level data excluded from the study. Categories for the trials consisted of sponsorship (public, private, and unknown), institution (academic, public, private, unknown), geography (south, west, midwest, northeast), and anatomy (anterior, intermediate, posterior, uveitic macular edema, or unspecified/general uveitis). Statistical significance was set at 

 < .05, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, with sponsorship and institution categories analyzed separately and enrollment sizes compared between institutions. Private sponsorship ultimately accounted for over 55% of trials, followed by public (27.6%) and unknown (17.3%), with posterior uveitis most studied at almost 42%.

Results from the research that included 98 trials found that private trials increased from 28.8% (2000–2011) to 58.6% (2012–2023), while public trials declined from 40.9% to 22.4% (

 = .006). Additionally, uveitis trials rose from 22.7% to 51.7% (

 = .002). On average, private trials enrolling more participants (median: 92, interquartile range 65–110) than public (54; 40–74), academic (36; 26–50), and unknown trials (40; 32–68) (

 = .004). Notably, trials from 2012 through 2023 were more likely to be privately sponsored (2.84; 1.05–7.68; 

“Although these trials offer broader enrollment, their concentration in the South/West and private sponsorship limit access for patients in the Midwest, Northeast, and public systems. Academic studies on neglected subtypes like intermediate uveitis or macular edema remain underrepresented,” the study authors stated.

Additionally, a surge in posterior uveitis studies was observed in 2016 following the US Food and Drug Administration’s approval of adalimumab.

“These findings align with concerns that uveitis care and by extension, access to trials remains concentrated in resource-rich centers, with geographic barriers disproportionately affecting underserved populations,” the study authors stated, noting that 36.7% of Americans live more than an hour from a uveitis specialist, with these populations having higher rates of poverty and public insurance. “Moreover, fewer than 200 uveitis specialists are active nationally, often lacking support staff or institutional infrastructure to run trials. Public investment and academic incentives are necessary to address these inequities and promote equitable innovation in ophthalmology.”

Shah J, Pathuri S, Wilkins CS, et al. Unequal access and evolving priorities in US uveitis clinical trials: A 23-year analysis of regional, institutional, and anatomic trends. 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-025-03854-7

Researchers included 98 phase 2-4 uveitis trials during the time period from clinicaltrials.gov.

Disparities found in uveitis clinical trials access by researchers

Let My Doctors Decide Action Network’s (LMDD AN) new national scorecard has exposed disparities in insurance coverage for serious and rare eye diseases.

 The LMDD Eye Health Scorecard specifically evaluated insurance coverage for treatments addressing geographic atrophy (GA), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and thyroid eye disease, according to a news release.

The scorecard thus highlighted the fact that millions of American patients face barriers to accessing life-changing treatments based on their health plan.

“Despite medical advancements, many patients are still trapped in a system where access depends on the luck of their insurance card,” said Brett McReynolds, policy adviser for LMDD AN, in the release. “We urge policymakers, insurers, and health care leaders to break down these harmful, unnecessary barriers and prioritize patient health over administrative red tape.”

Some of the findings from the scorecard include Medicaid plans having the greatest restrictions and Medicare plans having the fewest access restrictions overall. Approximately 70% of state Medicaid plans received an “F” grade across all conditions assessed. Access for patients with Managed Medicaid plans was slightly better, even though a majority of plans received a “C” or “F” score for their coverage of all conditions included. Additionally, traditional Medicare received an “A” grade for nearly 100% of its plans for all conditions where treatments were administered under the medical benefit. Even with more restrictions imposed in the Medicare Advantage plans, a majority of said plans received either “A” or “B” grades for all conditions.

Other findings from the scorecard revealed a significant variation in coverage and access by disease condition and plan type, and about half of Commercial, Health Exchange, and Medicaid plans received either “C” or “D” grades. On average, beneficiaries of Commercial, Health Exchange, and Medicaid plans experience at least 2 access restrictions on average.

The scorecard underscored that most patients experience restrictive insurance policies, including authorization, onerous step therapy, and high cost-sharing, which can delay or limit access to prescribed treatments.

“For patients battling serious and rare eye conditions, timely access to treatment isn’t a luxury—it’s a lifeline to prevent permanent and irreversible vision loss,” said Molly Murray, president and CEO of the Autoimmune Association, in the release. “The results expose a health care system that is failing to meet its most fundamental promise: providing care when and where it’s needed.”

The scorecard was compiled by analyzing thousands of private, Medicare, and Medicaid health plans across the US and was developed in partnership with health care research firm MMIT, which provided data for the scorecard. The evaluation focused on US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for the 4 conditions and assessed coverage under both medical benefit and pharmacy benefit, or drugs administered in a doctor’s office and medications dispensed through a pharmacy. Plans were given a numeric score of 0 to 4, with higher scores reflecting larger barriers to access based on the presence of step therapy, prior authorization, and/or placement on a plan’s specialty tier. Those numerical scores were then converted into letter grades.

“Without adequate and timely insurance coverage, patients living with debilitating, rare eye diseases face devastating, life-altering consequences—not just loss of vision, but also loss of independence, employment, and quality of life,” said Jeff Todd, president and CEO of Prevent Blindness, in the release. “The LMDD Eye Health Scorecard findings underscore the urgent need for policy and regulatory reforms to ensure equitable access to sight-saving treatments, with limited barriers between diagnosis and treatment delivery.”

New eye health scorecard reveals gaps in treatment across insurance plans. News release. Let My Doctors Decide Action Network. May 22, 2025. Accessed May 22, 2025.

The LMDD Eye Health Scorecard specifically evaluated insurance coverage for treatments addressing GA, neovascular AMD, and thyroid eye disease.

New national scorecard exposes insurance coverage disparities for vision-threatening disease treatments

At this year’s ARVO annual meeting, 2 posters presenting data initiated by SightGlass highlighted the growing body of clinical evidence supporting the use of 

. Debbie Laughton, BSc, PhD, provided expert commentary on 2 significant studies: CYPRESS, a 4-year, multicenter clinical trial in North America, and a complementary study conducted across 5 sites in China. Together, these studies not only reaffirm the safety and efficacy of DOT lenses in slowing myopia progression but also address key concerns such as rebound effects post treatment and effectiveness across diverse populations.

In the following Q&A, Laughton discusses the methodologies, clinical relevance, and broader implications of these studies, offering valuable guidance for optometrists already managing pediatric myopia, as well as those considering expanding their scope of care in response to rising global prevalence.

For those who weren’t able to attend ARVO this year, can you detail the parameters and methods of the research featured in this poster?

Poster #1: CYPRESS, our pivotal 4-year multicenter clinical trial, demonstrated DOT lenses are safe and effective at slowing the progression of myopia in a population of North American children. Children enrolled in CYPRESS were invited to join a follow-up study, BIRCH, to evaluate whether there is an acceleration of myopia progression or ‘rebound effect’ following the cessation of DOT lens treatment. Twelve months after ceasing treatment, refraction and axial length reverted to age-normative rates, indicating no significant rebound effect.

Poster #2: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of DOT spectacle lenses in a Chinese population, where the prevalence and severity of myopia is even greater, a new study was initiated at 5 sites in China. The first 12-month results were presented at ARVO and demonstrated excellent safety and efficacy of DOT lenses, slowing myopia progression by 75%.

How did the actual performance of the DOT lenses compare to your expectations?

DOT lenses performed as expected, significantly slowing myopia progression and demonstrating no evidence of rebound effect once treatment was stopped.

This study took place in China. What does this mean for eye care providers in the US? How does this build upon Cypress?

The first-year results from our study in China support the outcomes from the North American (CYPRESS) clinical trial. Eye care providers can feel confident that DOT lenses effectively slow myopia progression in children from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, demonstrating consistent results across both Asian and North American populations.

What are the next steps in this research?

We have presented the interim results from our study in China, and we will be continuing this study for another 2 years to evaluate longer-term efficacy among Chinese children.

What immediately applicable clinical advice does this research yield, especially for optometrists who practice myopia management? What about doctors who see pediatric patients but

Based on these results, eye care professionals can feel confident in the performance and lasting impact of DOT lenses to slow myopia progression in their pediatric patients.

What was the response to these findings at the meeting? How do you think this research fits into the broader landscape of clinical research presented at ARVO, especially this session?

Myopia continues to be a hot topic in optometry, and the myopia poster sessions were incredibly busy. There was a lot of interest in the performance of DOT lenses and a clear demand from eye care professionals from the US to have access to spectacle lens myopia management technologies (DOT lenses are for investigational use only in the US). The theme of contrast reduction for myopia control was discussed during several other paper and poster sessions, showing the growing interest in contrast management. An education session led by Professor James Wolffsohn also explored the suggestion that all defocus-based optical interventions may operate via contrast management.

New data from North American and Chinese clinical trials reinforce the safety, efficacy, and durability of DOT lenses in slowing pediatric myopia progression, without evidence of rebound. 

Pipeline

Clinical trial Q&A: New data on DOT lenses show strong global performance in myopia control

Bridgitte Shen Lee, OD, FAAO, FBCLA, FEAOO, details the key takeaways from a poster presentation she participated in during ARVO 2025.

ARVO 2025: Miebo demonstrates favorable tolerability in prescription refill rates

In detailing a poster presentation given on perfluorohexyloctane (PFHO) (Miebo) on a dry eye disease treatment, Bridgitte Shen Lee, OD, FAAO, FBCLA, FEAOO, highlighted 2 key takeaways from the research. The first takeaway emphasizes the study's robust methodology. The demographic and prescription characteristics between the 2 patient groups were remarkably similar, providing a representative sample of dry eye disease patients. Shen Lee underscores that dry eye disease is complex, multifactorial, chronic, and progressive, with patients often experiencing multiple ocular surface conditions simultaneously. 

The second key focus was on the medication's refill rate, which serves as a practical indicator of patient tolerance and satisfaction. PFHO, a 100% chemical molecule without water or preservatives, demonstrated exceptional patient adherence. According to Shen Lee, PFHO had a 70.7% refill rate, whereas 0.05% cyclosporine had a 43.4% refill rate. This represents a significant difference of almost 30% in patient continuation. The low refill rate for cyclosporine suggests patients may have experienced more adverse effects or found the medication less comfortable. In contrast, PFHO's high refill rate indicates superior patient tolerance. 

Shen Lee also provided context about dry eye treatment options, noting there are only 4 FDA-approved immune modulator medications. PFHO represents an important addition to this limited category, offering physicians and patients another treatment alternative. Shen Lee underscored that the research was a collaborative effort, sponsored by Bausch + Lomb and involving multiple medical professionals. She concluded by acknowledging the complexity of dry eye conditions and the importance of developing well-tolerated, effective medications. The study's findings suggest PFHO could be a promising new option for patients struggling with dry eye disease, offering potentially better tolerance and patient adherence compared with existing treatments.

A recent study has shown the potential role artificial intelligence (AI) systems could play in diabetic retinopathy (DR) screenings. Study authors, led by Hasan Nawaz Tahir, MS, of the Department of Community Medicine at both the College of Medicine, Dwadimi, Shaqra University in Shaqra, Saudi Arabia, and the Khyber Medical College Peshawar in Peshawar, Pakistan, found in their systematic review and meta-analysis that the systems were able to achieve high sensitivity and specificity values, particularly in undilated eye screenings.

“These results highlight that AI systems, especially in undilated eye conditions, show promise for clinical use with reliable sensitivity and specificity, but variations exist depending on the system and clinical setting,” the study authors stated.

Researchers conducted a literature search for AI and manual screening methods of DR using PubMed and Google Scholar in order to identify relevant studies to include in the research that was published between January 2015 and September 2024. A second search was then done on February 2025, in which 13 additional studies were added to make a total of 25 included studies. Those that were included were categorized by whether they were observational or validation. Studies that were included evaluated AI algorithms or manual screenings for DR in patients from 15 to 90 years old that were diagnosed with DR and reported sensitivity and specificity outcomes for either dilated or undilated eye conditions, according to researchers. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool for validation studies, the AXIS tool for cross-sectional studies, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. They were also assessed for quality by 2 independent reviewers to evaluation selection bias, outcome/exposure assessment bias, follow-up bias, measurement bias, sample representativeness, reporting bias, index test bias, reference standard bias, flow and timing bias, and ethical considerations bias. Studies that were excluded were those that did not report the outcomes of interest, if the author of the studies did not respond to interest queries, or if the full text was not available to the study authors.

In total, 613,690 images used for screening were included in the study. For undilated eyes, AI screening had a pooled sensitivity of 0.90 [95% CI: 0.85-0.94] and pooled specificity of 0.94 [95% CI: 0.91-0.96]. Manual screening images had a pooled sensitivity of 0.79 [95% CI: 0.60-0.91] and pooled specificity of 0.99 [95% CI: 0.98-0.99]. As for dilated eyes, the pooled sensitivity of AI screening is 0.95 [95% CI: 0.91-0.97] and pooled specificity is 0.87 [95% CI: 0.79-0.92]; dilated eyes with manual screening sensitivity is 0.90 [95% CI: 0.87-0.92] and specificity is 0.99 [95% CI: 0.99-1.00].

“AI-assisted screening for diabetic retinopathy shows comparable sensitivity and specificity compared to manual screening,” the study authors stated. “These results suggest that AI can be a reliable alternative in clinical settings, with increased early detection rates and reducing the burden on ophthalmologists.”

The study authors also made note of the heterogeneity in the studies included in terms of study settings, photographic protocols, and reference standards, with reference standards for manual grading differing across studies, among other limitations. The researchers also concluded that since some of the studies had a moderate risk of bias, which could lead to overestimation or underestimation of accuracy.

 “To ensure that AI systems are safe and effective for real-world use, evaluations need to be conducted in representative clinical settings. Systems should be tested on a wide range of image qualities, and medical settings,” the study authors noted.

Tahir HN, Ullah N, Tahir M, et al. Artificial intelligence versus manual screening for the detection of diabetic retinopathy: a comparative systematic review and meta-analysis. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1519768

In total, 613,690 images used for screening were included in the study.

John D. Gelles, OD, FAAO, FIAOMC, FCLSA, FSLS, FBCLA

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